16  Addenda

(Panksepp & Biven, 2012: 000)

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16.2 Index

The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below acetylcholine adjunctive behaviors adrenocorticotropic hormone affective balance therapies affective consciousness clinical conceptualization core-SELF mechanisms in definition language and neuroanatomy neuro-physiology research challenges affective functioning in animals behaviorist research and theories bodily responses clinical significance cognitive functioning and common features among animals consciousness and current understanding dimensional model emotional functioning and evolutionary development experience of feedback theory of functional anatomy in language acquisition in learning levels of control measurement in memory processes neuro-physiology psychoanalytic theory research methodology sensory affects social constructivist view in theory of mind unified theory of value of animal studies in research on willful control

see also* affective consciousness; emotional systems, generally; primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems affective neuroscience

BrainMind conceptualization consciousness research developmental model essential elements evolutionary model future prospects goals of implications for developmental psychology implications for psychotherapy integration of findings from, into clinical practice model of emotional system model of psychopathology neurochemistry part-whole confusion in psychoanalytic theory and rationale for RAGE system research read-out theories research challenges theory development triangulation approach

Affective Neuroscience: the Foundation of Human and Animal Emotions*(Panksepp)

Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales aggressive behavior interaction of aggressive urges in tertiary-process level laughter and neuro-physiology play behavior and predatory

RAGE system and sexuality and social dominance and testosterone and types of venting on inanimate objects

Aichhorn, A.

[5-]alpha-reductase

AMPA

amphetamine amygdala affective processing function in fear conditioning in FEAR system in functional anatomy of emotional system in LUST system in PLAY system in RAGE system anencephaly anger in animals arousal of SEEKING system in brain imaging clinical conceptualizations of individual differences physiological effects pleasure from promise of affective neuroscience research

RAGE and

see also* aggressive behavior; RAGE system anhedonia animals affective neuroscience understanding of anger in cognitive process research with common neuro-physiological features among conditioned place preference/aversion discrimination between positive and-negative emotions in early affect research early philosophical conceptualizations of mind and brain in emotional experiences of emotional systems of emotion-related vocalizations evidence of emotional affects evolution of affect in experimental neurochemical manipulations group aggression higher order emotional processes in homeostatic affects invertebrates maternal nurturing among mother-infant bonding oxytocin studies

분리불안/상실-슬픔 system research with place preference for opiate infusion predatory behaviors

RAGE system studies in reproductive strategies self-sense self-stimulation studies sensory affects time sense in value of animal studies in affect research

see also* rat and mouse studies anticipation antipsychotic drugs anxiety affective sources of clinical conceptualization fear and

FEAR versus GRIEF

innate capacity for oxytocin effects pharmacotherapy serotonin and treatment

see also* FEAR system aphasia

Approach Motivation System aprepitant

Aristotle aromatase ascending reticular activating system assessment attachment process in humans impairment or failure of intergenerational transmission of poor attachment opioid hypothesis postpartum bonding window theory development varieties of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Augustine, Saint

Austin, J.

autism autobiographical memory autonoetic consciousness autonomic nervous system autoshaping

Averill, J.

basal ganglia basolateral amygdaloid complex bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Behavioral Activation System

Behavioral Inhibition System behaviorism behavior modification therapies

Bentham, Jeremy benzodiazepines

Berlin Biophysics Club

Berridge, K.

beta blockers beta-endorphin biogenic amines birds

Blake, William blood pressure borderline personality disorder

Bowlby, J.

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BrainMind affective neuroscience conceptualization behaviorist conceptualizations early neuroscientific research early philosophical conceptualizations of endophenotypes epigenetic molding fear chemistries nested hierarchies model primary processing research challenges sex and gender development structural evolution value of animal studies in research on

Buck, R.

buprenorphine

Burghardt, G.

Burns, Robert buspirone cancer trauma treatment cannabinoids

Cannon, W.

CARE system benefits for offspring cross-species manifestations current understanding developmental goals evolution of functions gender differences implications for psychotherapy interaction with other primary-process systems manifestations in mother-child interaction mother-infant bonding neurochemistry of pregnancy neuroevolution neuro-physiology promoting maternal feelings psychoanalytic theory psychological significance

SEEKING system and sensitization as source of mental discomfort therapeutic manipulation

see also* primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems catecholamines catharsis cats cerebellar cortex change affect regulation as goal of chlordiazepoxide cholecystokinin

Chomsky, N.

chromatin cingulate cortex circadian rhythms

Claparede, E.

Clarici, A.

classical conditioning cognitive behavioral therapies cognitive functioning affective functioning and in animals conceptual thinking as requirement for affective experience conditioning and consciousness and deficiencies related to cortical midline structures delusional thinking in overstimulation of neocortex delusional thinking in search for causality evolution of feedback theory of affect levels of consciousness neuro-physiology obstacles to research primary-process emotions and in SEEKING system self-related information processing subcortical processes in working memory in

see also* tertiary processes cognitive neuroscience cognitive theories and therapies comorbidity

Computational Theory of Mind conditioning as automatic brain response autoshaping and classical model endogenous opioid system extinction fear high and low roads to learning model neuro-physiology pain in place preference/aversion sensitivity to contextual stimuli

see also* reinforcement; unconditioned responses confidence consciousness affective functioning and in animals, early philosophical conceptualizations of basis in motor function system cognition and core integrative role of core-SELF

learning as unconscious process levels of neuroevolution neuro-psychological model processing of emotional arousal relevance of primary-process emotions in study of research goals contextual fear-conditioning control of emotions nested hierarchies of BrainMind

RAGE system regulation core-SELF

affective basis anatomy of in animals clinical conceptualization current understanding dual-aspect monism model in emergence of noetic consciousness evidence for evolution of functions lower brain motor functions in self-related processing mechanisms of affective consciousness sensory processing in variation across species corpus callosum cortical midline structures cortico-thalamic pathway corticotropin-releasing factor affective response effects on PLAY system in FEAR system in GRIEF system prolonged exposure to

SEEKING system arousal in separation distress subcortical circuitry cortisol

Cousins, N.

Cozolino, L.

curiosity

Damasio, A.

Darwin, Charles

Davanloo, H.

d-cycloserine declarative memory deep brain stimulation depression adaptive function affective neuroscience model brain stimulation to treat causes cortisol secretion and dynorphin and

GRIEF system in neuro-physiology neuroscience research opioid hypothesis opioid stimulation in treatment of placebo effect in treatment of postpartum preclinical modeling

SEEKING system in stress and treatment

Descarte, R.

Descent of Man*(Darwin)

development, individual affective neuro-physiology affective neuroscience model brain damage from stress exposure conditioning effects core emotional affects early grief experiences effectiveness of therapy with pathologies of early childhood emotional functioning epigenetic molding evolutionary levels experiential determinants

FEAR system infant need for nurturing learning experiences and maturation of 분리불안/상실-슬픔 system neocortical neural patterns parents’ understanding of primary-process emotions of prosocial structures protective emotional experiences psychoanalytic theory sexual significance of emotional experience significance of play social functioning social play behavior in utero

see also* attachment process

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

diagnostic classification diazepam diazepam binding inhibitor diethylstilbestrol diffusion tensor imaging dihydrotestosterone dimensional view of emotional life

Dissanayake, E.

dopaminergic system anticipation and consummation effects in cognitive functioning drug use and functions in learning neural pathways neuroreceptors pharmaceutical replacement in PLAY system psychological significance reward prediction error hypothesis in SEEKING system selfesteem and significance of, in emotional systems in sleep time sense and dorsolateral frontal region dreaming drives theory drug abuse and addiction associated primary-process emotions conditioned place preference/aversion in animals neuro-physiology neuroscience research process psychostimulant use predisposing to

SEEKING system in social attachment and dualism dynorphin

Einstein, Albert

Ekman, P.

eltoprazine emotional memories early childhood fear learning and implicit learning and neuro-physiology primary-process control of learning and psychological significance reconsolidation therapeutic remodeling unconscious arousal emotional systems, generally action system and affective functioning and affective neuroscience model in animals behavioral neuroscience model development in emergence of idiographic self evolution of psychological theories of feedback theory higher cognitive processing individual differences as learned response neuro-physiology neuro-psychological views read-out theories of

see also* affective functioning; emotional memories endophenotypes endorphins envy epigenetic molding of BrainMind epilepsy episodic memory

Epstein, M.

estrogen ethology evolution adaptive function of depression affective functioning ancestral memory basic affective systems

BrainMind structure

CARE system consciousness core-SELF development emotional system exaptation fearfulness neural development

분리불안/상실-슬픔 system play behavior role of distress vocalizations self-consciousness sensory system sexual gratification sleep and waking architecture survival function of core affects explicit memory

Expression of Emotions in Man and Animal, The*(Darwin)

extinction of conditioned response eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing

Eysenck, H.

facial expressions family functioning fastigial nucleus fear affective neuroscience research conditioning evolutionary role of experience of fearlessness gender differences innate capacity for learning neurochemistry pain and sensation seeking behavior willful exposure to fearful situations

see also* FEAR system

FEAR system adaptive function classical conditioning cognitive neuroscience model contextual conditioning electrical stimulation studies in emotional learning and memory emotional memories in fear-conditioning and functions

GRIEF system and innate neural capacity for intrinsic nature of learning and manifestations in children misunderstandings about neurochemical studies neuro-physiology objectless fearfulness in overactivation pain and

분리불안/상실-슬픔 system and pathologies of pharmacotherapy based on psychoanalytic theory and

RAGE system and research needs

SEEKING system and source of anxiety in therapeutic significance unconditioned responses in

see also* primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems feedback theory of affect

Feld4 protein family fight/flight/freeze flashbulb memory

Fleming, A.

foot shock forgiveness free will

Freud, S.

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Gall, F. J.

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gedo, J.

gender differences aggressive behavior anger response capacity for social injury conceptual issues in research on fearfulness infanticide maturation of 분리불안/상실-슬픔 system neuro-physiology of jealousy nurturing of offspring oxytocin effects play behavior primary-process emotions

SEEKING system activation sexual development sexual neuro-physiology social dominance behavior genetics glutamate in FEAR system in GRIEF system in memory processes in RAGE system receptors in SEEKING system gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Grandin, Temple

Gray, J.

Greenberg, L.

grief. see also 분리불안/상실-슬픔 system

Griefin, D.

guilt habituation

Harlow, H.

hatred hearing

Heath, R.

Hebb, D. O.

Hess, W.

hippocampus cortisol damage to effects of excess cortisol exposure in fear conditioning functional anatomy of emotional system functions memory function neuro-plasticity stress response theta rhythm

Hippocrates

Holt, R.

homeostatic affect

LUST as emotional affect versus

RAGE system arousal

SEEKING system sensitization in homosexuality honeybees

Hubel, D.

Hume, David humors, theory of

HUNGER

hyenas

Hyman, S.

hypothalamus in CARE system in cortisol regulation in FEAR system functional anatomy of emotional system in LUST system in RAGE system sensory processing function idiographic self imaging technology imipramine implicit memory impulse control disorders infanticide inferior colliculi insula insulin-like growth factor 1

intensity of emotion interoception interpositus nucleus interpretation, psychoanalytic

IQ

Izard, C.

Jacob, F.

James, W.

James-Lange model

Janov, A.

jealousy

Kandel, E.

Kant, Immanuel

Kendrick, K.

Klein, D.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Knutson, B.

Lange, C. see also James-Lange model language acquisition process affective consciousness and behavioral neuroscience view of emotional functioning capacity to study emotion description of affect emotion-related vocalizations of animals evolution of consciousness and healing power of limitations of meaning and as requirement for affective experience verbal play lateral geniculate nucleus lateral hypothalamus laughter learning affective neuroscience model appetitive, in SEEKING system as automatic process behaviorist theory clinician misconceptions about conditioned contextual fear-conditioning emotional memory and emotions as learned responses fearfulness functions of play maternal devotion as learned behavior in neocortex neuro-physiology opioid hypothesis primary-process control of emotional memory and procedural repetitive behavior and reward and punishment in reward prediction error reward/reinforcement theory

SEEKING system and working memory in

LeDoux, J.

Lichter, A.

limbic system

Loeb, J.

London, Jack long-term potentiation lordosis

Lorenz, K.

love

Ludwig, C.

LUST system

CARE system and as emotional-affective process as evolutionary urge for species preservation female circuits functions neuroevolution oxytocin role in psychological significance research issues

SEEKING system and

see also* primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems; sexuality and sexual behavior

MacLean, P.

Malan, D.

Maren, S.

Marvell, Andrew

Mayberg, H.

McHugh, P.

Meaney, M.

meaningfulness medial forebrain bundle animal self-stimulation connectivity in dopaminergic system functions general behavior function in SEEKING system medial geniculate nuclei melatonin memory affective component ancestral as automatic process brain damage from stress exposure declarative emotional learning and eye-movement therapy in generation of self-consciousness mental health and misconceptions about neocortical activation during emotional experience and neuro-physiology procedural learning retention

SEEKING system and social therapeutic goals time sense and types of unconscious arousal of emotion working

see also* emotional memories mesencephalic locomotor region

Miller, Anesa

Milner, P.

mirror neurons monism monoamine oxidase inhibitors motor functions music naloxone naltrexone narcissism neocortex decortication studies delusional thinking in overstimulation of development emergence of idiographic self in evolution of emotional system experiential determinants of development in fear-learning functions in generation of self-consciousness hemispheric division in learning and memory

PLAY system remodeling of

RAGE system regulation in SEEKING system substrates of working memory nested hierarchies neuroeconomics neuro-peptides. see also specific peptide

neurophysiology of affective consciousness of affective functioning

CARE system changes in pregnancy cognitive system versus emotional system core-SELF anatomy of depression developmental effects of nurturing in infancy early research effects of sustained cortisol release of emotional system epigenetic molding of networks evolutionary levels evolution of affective consciousness experimental neurochemical manipulations

FEAR system intensity of emotion inter-male aggression of learning of maternal behaviors of memory processes mother-infant bonding window outcomes of attachment failure

분리불안/상실-슬픔 system place preference for opiate infusion

PLAY system

RAGE system self-related information processing of sensory affects of sensory processing sexuality and sexual behavior of social loss of social memories stress response subcortical network development triangulation approach to affect research of working memory

see also specific brain structure or system

neuropsychoanalysis neuroscience, generally cognitive conceptual and technical evolution current understanding of affective functioning

see also* affective neuroscience; imaging technology neurotransmitters and receptors nitric oxide synthases

NMDA

norephinephrine nucleus accumbens nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis

Numan, M.

Olds, J.

opiates addiction pleasure effect

RAGE system regulation subcortical studies in animals opioids, endogenous autism and in CARE system in depression etiology depression treatment by stimulation of exogenous stimulation and inhibition functions in GRIEF system in learning process oxytocin and in PLAY system receptors

SEEKING system arousal sense of touch and in social functioning therapeutic potential opponent processes orbitofrontal cortex orexin

O’Shea, K.

oxytocin animal studies autism and in CARE system current research effects on PLAY system endogenous opioid system and evolution of functions gap junction synchronization gender differences in action of

GRIEF system regulation in LUST system music effects peripheral effects in pregnancy primary effects

RAGE system inhibition receptor density in social functioning therapeutic potential pain, fear and panic attacks

분리불안/상실-슬픔 system animal studies in borderline personality disorder conceptual basis in depression developmental goals drug use and early exposure evolution of

FEAR system and functions interaction with other primary-process systems manifestations of maturation of neuro-physiology pathologies of psychoanalytic theory and psychological significance

SEEKING system and soothing by touch source of anxiety in therapeutic considerations

see also* primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems

Panksepp, J.

parasympathetic nervous system paraventricular nucleus in CARE system in cortisol regulation stress response

Pasternak, Boris

Paulsen, S.

Peciña, S.

pediatric psychotherapy periaqueductal gray affective processing function in core-SELF neuroanatomy in FEAR system functional anatomy of emotional system in 분리불안/상실-슬픔 system in RAGE system significance of, in emotional system personality disorders pharmacotherapy action of antidepressant medications aggression treatment anxiety treatment strategies depression treatment fear studies for FEAR system-related disorders general disinhibition effects implications of FEAR system manipulation of GRIEF system neurochemistry potential uses of oxytocin prolonged psychostimulant use promise of affective neuroscience research psychotherapy and

RAGE system inhibitors rationale for RAGE system research in remodeling of emotional memories serotonin-based

see also specific drug; specific type of drug

phronesis

pigeons pituitary gland placebo effect

Plato play behavior aggressive behavior and associated vocalizations clinical benefits curiosity and defining features learning in modifiers or urge for predatory practice in roughand-tumble form

SEEKING system and sexual behavior and as social activity social dominance relationship arising from solicitation signals

see also* PLAY system

PLAY system common features among animals contextual determinants developmental significance development in young animals dreaming and effects of social isolation emergence of negative emotion in enjoyment of in epigenetic remodeling of neocortex evolutionary origins functions hyperactivity and impulse control disorders and interaction with other primary-process systems misunderstandings about neuro-physiology psychological significance

SEEKING system and therapeutic considerations

Tourette’s syndrome and verbal

see also* play behavior; seven basic affective systems

Plutarch

Plutchick, R.

Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales positivism positron emission tomography postmodernism post-traumatic stress disorder potentiation praying predatory aggression pregnancy preoptic area

Press, O.

primal therapy primary-process emotions action networks of brain and adaptive functions as anoetic assessment barriers to research basis of core-SELF in circular causality in current understanding definition in depression in dual-aspect monism model experience of function gender mentality higher mind interactions language and

LUST as neural oscillations neuroevolution of emotional system neuro-physiology as prelinguistic psychological significance structure of emotional system subcortical foundations in therapeutic relationship therapeutic significance value of animal studies in research on

see also* seven basic affective systems primate grooming behaviors process-experiential therapy progesterone prolactin propranolol proto-self psychoanalytic theory psychopathology affective neuroscience model diagnostic conceptualization from failure of attachment of FEAR system of GRIEF system interactions among emotional systems in intergenerational transmission of LUST system preclinical modeling promise of affective neuroscience approach of RAGE system of SEEKING system value of animal studies in research on

see also* psychotherapy; *specific diagnosis

psychosis psychosomatic illness psychostimulant use psychotherapy affective balance therapies affect regulation as goal of with children effectiveness in dealing with early childhood experiences emerging interest in emotional processes in

GRIEF system considerations integration of affective neuroscience findings limitations of animal research

PLAY system considerations promise of affective neuroscience approach psychopharmacotherapy and reconsolidation of emotional memories in significance of FEAR system in significance of primary-process emotions understanding of RAGE system for value of positive social emotions work with emotional memories

RAGE system affective experience of animal studies arousal of brain imaging studies clinical conceptualization

FEAR system and functions gender differences inhibitors neuroevolution neuro-physiology object of obstacles to research pathologies related to physiological effects predatory aggression and rationale for affective neuroscience research regulation

SEEKING system and sham rage and social dominance behavior and tertiary process manifestations therapeutic considerations war and

see also* primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems

Raimondi, Marantonio rat and mice studies aversive conditioning emotion-related vocalizations infanticide innate fear in

LUST system research maternal behaviors neuroanatomy play behavior predatory aggression in

SEEKING behavior separation distress sexual development read-out theories of emotion receptors, neurotransmitter action of antidepressant medications agonists antagonists blockers chemical manipulation developmental effects of nurturing in infancy in memory processes opioid oxytocin sexual hormones reinforcement religion and spirituality

REM sleep repetitive behaviors reticular formation revenge reward prediction error reward/punishment animal self-stimulation studies anticipation of pleasure behaviorist theory conceptual evolution of psychological theory conditioned place preference/aversion in animals fear conditioning homeostasis model learning theory neuro-physiology neuroscience research schedules of reinforcement sensory rewards ritualistic behaviors

Rogers, C.

Rolls, E.

Romanes, G.

Roosevelt, F. D.

Russell, J.

Sacks, O.

sadness. see 분리불안/상실-슬픔

sadomasochism

Saunders, James schizophrenia

Schlaepfer, T.

Schore, A.

Schultz, W.

Scott, J. P.

secondary processes

SEEKING system aggressive behavior and autoshaping and behavioral manifestations of arousal

CARE system and conceptual evolution continuous operation delusional thinking in overstimulation of drug use and eye-movement therapy and faith and functional connections functions gender differences homeostatic imbalance effects implications for depression treatment infanticide and inherently arousing stimuli in interaction with other affective systems learning function

LUST system and measurement memory and misunderstandings about neuroevolution neuro-physiology overconsumption and pathologies of play behavior and

PLAY system and pleasure of anticipation in predatory behavior and psychoanalytic theory and psychological significance

RAGE system and repetitive adjunctive behavior and self-related processing in sensation seeking behavior similarities among animals strategic and creative thinking in time sense and underactive

see also* primary-process emotions; seven basic affective systems selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors self, concept of as embedded as embodied philosophical and psychological evolution of

see also* core-SELF

Self Comes to Mind*(Damasio)

selfesteem sensation seeking sensory systems affective features behavioral neuroscience view of affective functioning consciousness and core-SELF processes development fear-predictive cue processing in

LUST as emotional affect versus sensory affect motor system linkage neuroevolution neuro-physiology in PLAY urges in sexual behavior in social bonding subcortical processing separation distress

GRIEF system neuroanatomy neurochemistry oxytocin effects vocalization of septal regions of brain serotonin seven basic affective systems characteristic features current understanding of development in epigenetic molding of neural networks evolutionary function gender differences influence on cognition innate neural capacity for interaction among learning and regulation significance of, for psychotherapy similarities among animals value of animal studies in research on

see also specific system

sexuality and sexual behavior aggression and animal vocalizations related to competition for mating rights conceptual issues in research on cultural and political contexts current understanding development finger length biomarker general social behavior and homosexual and transgender persons infanticide and orgasm play behavior and predatory aggression psychoanalytic theory secondary sex characteristics sublimation theory

see also* LUST system

Shapiro, F.

sibling rivalry

Siegel, A.

Siegel, D.

Skinner, B. F.

slow wave sleep smell social constructivism social relationships addictive features basic affective systems in clinical significance cultural differences in mourning current neuroscientific understanding developmental significance of PLAY system dominance behaviors evolution of psychological theories mother-infant bonding neuro-physiology opioid hypothesis play behaviors psychoanalytic theory psychological significance

RAGE system arousal rejection

SEEKING system function sexual behavior and skills development social memory urge to communicate in workplace

Solomon, A.

somatic marker hypothesis soul

Spitz, R.

Spurzheim, J. G.

startle response

Story of the Weeping Camel

subcortical brain affective functioning in clinical significance in cognitive functioning common features among animals development early research evolution functional anatomy of emotional system in generation of self-consciousness as location of primitive-process emotions

LUST system rapidity of conditioning in sensory processing in subcortical midline systems sublimation substance P

superior colliculus suprachiasmatic nuclei sympathetic nervous system taste teachers temperament temporal sense in animals memory and

SEEKING system and tertiary processes anger as in animals clinical significance consciousness in current theories of emotional processes definition interaction of aggressive urges testosterone

Textbook of Biological Psychiatry

thalamus theory of mind therapeutic relationship theta rhythm

THIRST

Thorndike, E.

tickling

Tinbergen, N.

Tipton, Billy

Tomkins, S.

touch, sense of

Tourette’s syndrome transference transgender persons trauma treatment

Tulving, E.

tyrosine unconditioned responses

Ungerstedt, U.

utilitarianism vagino-cervical stimulation

Valenstein, E.

vasopressin vasotocin

Velmans, Max ventral tegmental area ventromedial hypothalamus vision system vitalism voles von Brücke, E.

war

Watson, J. B.

Wiesel, T.

Williams, G. W.

Willis, T.

Wise, R.

Wittgenstein, L.

working memory workplace zeta inhibitory peptide

Copyright © 2012 by Jaak Panksepp and Lucy Biven

All rights reserved

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Panksepp, Jaak, 1943The archaeology of mind: neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions/Jaak Panksepp, Lucy Biven.– 1st ed.

 & p. Cm.–A Norton professional book)(The Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-393-70531-7(hardcover)

 1. Emotions. 2. Emotions and cognition. 3. Memory. I. Biven, Lucy. II. Title.

BF531. P36 2012

152.4–dc 23

2012010323s

ISBN: 978-0-393-70531- 7

EISBN: 978-0-393-70731- 1

 & W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10110

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 & ⑴ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

 (¹) We must remember that subcortical neurons in emotional regions typically fire much more slowly than in higher sensory-perceptual regions of the thalamus and neocortex. In many systems, the clustering of neural firing as opposed to their higher patterned rates is more important. Often the power and sustained actions of certain affective-visceral neurochemicals(e. g., neuro-peptides) is more important in the patterning of emotional feelings and responses than elevations of neural firing rates, and the resulting increases in blood flow, which techniques such as PET and fMRI monitor. Thus, these techniques are not as sensitive to lower-affective brain functions as to higher-cognitive ones, which yields an undesirable bias in the way these techniques are being used to study emotions: They are more sensitive to the accompanying cognitive-thoughtful correlates of emotions than the affective substrates.

 (²) the current era of brain imaging, although based on much more accurate brain activity measures(blood flow and metabolic changes), is still yielding images of brain functions that do not accurately reflect the underlying brain activities that generate mental events. They simply give us a more accurate estimate of which brain areas may be most important to investigate in order to tell us how the Mind-Brain is organized. As most practitioners know, this new ‘phrenology’ still has many challenges to face and troublesome flaws in any attempt to translate brain activity to mind processes.

 (¹) At present there is increasing interest in animals that become especially interested and interactive with stimuli that predict rewards, namely those that are “sign-trackers” and those that seem most interested in the forthcoming food, the so called “goal-trackers”. the former exhibit more brain dopamine arousal in response to the anticipatory stimuli than the rewards themselves, while the latter continue to exhibit more modest arousal to both the predictive and goal stimuli. This seems to reflect a temperamental characteristic of the underlying SEEKING system. Sign-trackers are more likely to get addicted to drugs like cocaine than goal-trackers(Flagel et al., 2011).

 (²) ‘Phlogiston’ was the name early physicists gave to an imaginary(theoretically postulated) substance that combustible materials contained that allowed them to be burned. After they were burned down to ashes, the substances were thought to be “dephlogistonated.” This, of course, proved to be a name for an entity that did not really exist; it was used to generate a feeling of understanding, before there was any.

 (¹) An opponent process is one that tends to directly dampen the effects of a process that precedes and triggers it. For instance, the positive affect of certain addictive drugs is internally counteracted by the build-up of negative affective feelings inside the brain, which leads to the distress of drug withdrawal.

 (¹) Benzodiazepines are also called minor tranquilizers or antianxiety agents, the earliest of which were chlordiazepoxide and diazepam(the brand names are Librium and Valium). Now there are many other kinds of minor tranquilizers, some of which are also sold as sleeping pills or muscle relaxants.

¹http: //www. emory. Edu/INTELNET/fi. hasid. Html

 (¹) for instance, we have long been puzzled at the fact that very low levels of electrical stimulation of the FEAR system in the hypothalamus can promote freezing while increasing the current can provoke flight(Panksepp, Sacks et al., 1991). How can such diametrically different fear responses share a common neural substrate? One theoretical way out of this conundrum is to suppose that at the higher current levels our localized brain stimulation is spreading to the SEEKING system, which unloosens animals from immobile freezing, into the remarkable strides of flight as they ‘seek safety’ (clearly a state that should feel more pleasant to the animal. It should be full of hope! This suggests a fascinating theoretical possibility of how the terror of FEAR may explode into the optimistic eagerness, at times almost playfulness, of flight. Unfortunately, this idea remains to be subjected to rigorous neuroscientific evaluation, so it should not be seen as a conclusion but only as a working hypothesis for further research.

 (¹) This and the following chapter were written entirely by Jaak Panksepp in order to share a vision(along with some personal reminiscences) about how knowledge of mammalian emotions could help advance the science of biological psychiatry as well as the development of new psychotherapeutic approaches that may be quite controversial.

 (²) It should be noted that a great deal of wonderful work on the details of the unconditional mammalian FEAR system has emerged from several laboratories in Brazil, most prominently from investigators working with Frederico Graeff(e. g., Del-Ben & Graeff, 2009) and Marcus Brandão(Brandão et al., 2005).

 (¹) the computer revolution promoted the notion that deeply biological minds could be computed on silicon platforms (a vision that prevailed in the new cognitive sciences and seems alive and well in many other corners of the academy(see Panksepp, 2008c).

마음의 고고학: 감정의 신경진화적 기원

끝

(Panksepp & Biven, 2012: 000)